泡就是指穩定在液體或涂料中的氣泡。
氣泡的產生原因:
(1)涂料生產時(shi)攪拌(ban)產生氣泡(pao);
(2)在施工過程中產生氣泡,如輥涂或無氣噴涂等;
(3)涂料在固化過程中反應產生氣體;
(4)在多孔基材上施工產生氣泡,如木材、石材或水泥板材。
泡(pao)的種(zhong)類一(yi)般(ban)分為干泡(pao)和濕泡(pao),涂(tu)料中(zhong)多為濕泡(pao)。泡(pao)的穩定因素一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)表面(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)的作用。在涂(tu)料應用過程中(zhong),表面(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)乳(ru)化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、基材潤濕劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、潤濕分散劑(ji)(ji)(ji)、樹脂基料本身等。
表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)具有兩性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子結構,其中(zhong)親水的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)滲(shen)入(ru)至極性(xing)(xing)(xing)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)中(zhong),疏(shu)水的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)朝向氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相中(zhong)。表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)/氣(qi)(qi)(qi)界面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)定(ding)向排布,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)單層(ceng)膜。由于(yu)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)密度小(xiao)于(yu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti),因(yin)而氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)將向液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)遷移,當氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)到(dao)達(da)不含表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)時,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)會破(po)裂(lie)。泡(pao)(pao)(pao)內的(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)消(xiao)散,先(xian)前在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)周圍的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)又融合在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起,因(yin)此純液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(不含表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti))不存(cun)在(zai)(zai)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。純凈液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力幾乎為恒定(ding)值,這一(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質使(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)層(ceng)膜失去彈性(xing)(xing)(xing),上升到(dao)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)在(zai)(zai)排液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)效應下破(po)裂(lie)。當液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)中(zhong)有表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)存(cun)在(zai)(zai),球狀(zhuang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)上升,變成(cheng)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)泡(pao)(pao)(pao),雖然(ran)這些(xie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)向空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)界面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上升,但它們被表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子層(ceng)圍住。在(zai)(zai)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)界面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上也有一(yi)層(ceng)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)膜,因(yin)此當氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)上升至表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)時,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)雙(shuang)層(ceng)膜。當雙(shuang)層(ceng)膜的(de)(de)(de)厚度達(da)到(dao)某一(yi)微米值時,這些(xie)細(xi)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)很穩(wen)定(ding),較難消(xiao)除。
氣泡的穩定機理:
(1)靜電排斥作用。隨著雙層膜液體因重力的作用逐漸排出,兩個表面相互貼近,表面活性劑的極性端或電荷端將相互排斥,從而阻止膜層中的液體進一步流向液相,如果出于平衡狀態的雙層膜厚度大于臨界膜厚,氣泡將穩定存在。
(2)表面效應。如吉布斯-馬拉格尼現象(液體具有從低表面張力區域向高表面張力區域流動的特性),它會阻礙泡沫層內液體的流出。
(3)泡(pao)沫(mo)雙層(ceng)膜(mo)的(de)吉(ji)布斯(si)-馬拉格尼彈(dan)性(xing)。當泡(pao)沫(mo)層(ceng)變形時(shi),它會使(shi)泡(pao)沫(mo)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)增大,作為結果,單位面(mian)(mian)積(ji)上的(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)劑(ji)的(de)濃(nong)度降低,同時(shi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力相應地升(sheng)高,為使(shi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力達到盡可能(neng)低的(de)水(shui)準,拉緊(jin)的(de)薄膜(mo)就像有(you)彈(dan)性(xing)的(de)皮一樣收縮,這就使(shi)得泡(pao)沫(mo)仍然保持完好。